_ | \ | \ | | \ __ | |\ \ __ _____________ _/_/ | | \ \ _/_/ _____________ | ___________ _/_/ | | \ \ _/_/ ___________ | | | _/_/_____ | | > > _/_/_____ | | | | /________/ | | / / /________/ | | | | | | / / | | | | | |/ / | | | | | | / | | | | | / | | | | |_/ | | | | | | | | c o m m u n i c a t i o n s | | | |________________________________________________________________| | |____________________________________________________________________| ...presents... Joseph Smith : Man, Yes; Myth, Maybe; Prophet, NEVER! by Krass Katt >>> a cDc publication.......1994 <<< -cDc- CULT OF THE DEAD COW -cDc- ____ _ ____ _ ____ _ ____ _ ____ |____digital_media____digital_culture____digital_media____digital_culture____| God made Aaron to be the mouthpiece for the children of Israel, and He will make me be god to you in His stead, and the Elders to be mouth for me; and if you don't like it, you must lump it. -- _History of the Church_ You can call them members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, LDSers, Saints, or simply Mormons. No matter what name you use to refer to them, they belong to the religion founded by Joseph Smith in 1830. It was Smith, chosen by God to be a "latter-day saint" and as true a prophet as any named in the Bible, who gave us the preceding quote. He served as the first Church President, otherwise known as the Prophet, Seer, and Revelator. Foreward -------- I am not a Mormon. I have never been a Mormon. I am what the Saints call an "investigator," a non-Mormon examining their books and affairs. Actually, I suppose that (at first glance) I would make for a good candidate for religious conversion. I know a lot about the church, understand most of their terminology and teachings, and am keen on acquiring more information. But on the other hand, I know way too much about the church already for me to be a serious target of their missionary program. They want to be able to unroll their theology to you one piece at a time, so that your aptitude for gullibility isn't suddenly exhausted. I have had my share of Mormon friends, and I do not think less of them for being part of a very whacked religion. If I had grown up in a Mormon household, I would most likely have ended up a devout member of that organization. Inculcation from birth is the perfect method of propelling most religions and mythologies. I am no unbiased observer; my fascination with the LDS church is centered on its more bizarre aspects. But despite the obvious slant I take in deciding which facts to report and which ones to ignore, understand that I am not making up this stuff. Anyway, the basic message of this file is: WHATEVER YOU DO, DON'T JOIN THE MORMON CHURCH. What do you really know about the Mormons? If you're like most people, you probably think they're pretty much the same as any other Christian religion, except that they don't drink coffee or smoke, and they observe a Sunday Sabbath. But Mormon tenets include all of the following: o around 600 B.C. a band of Hebrews left Jerusalem shortly before the Babylonian army overran the city -- these Hebrew refugees sailed west across the Atlantic and founded a mighty civilization in both the North and South American continents o according to the Book of Mormon (the third [Newer] Testament of holy scripture, translated by Joseph Smith from gold plates inscribed by the North American Hebrews) Jesus Christ manifested himself several times in the Americas after His resurrection to supplement His Middle Eastern visitations o church members are Israelites (Abraham's true descendants), and the "Israel" to which Jesus Christ will address Himself is presently headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah o in order to get to the highest heaven when you die, you have to have your paperwork straightened out; specifically, the "temple recommend" -- a form annually filled out in triplicate by a church representative o if you _do_ die with a temple recommend and are found worthy by the Mormon God ("Elohim"), you will be granted godhood and given your own corner of the universe to administer o Elohim lives on or near the planet Kolob (somewhere in our galaxy), and one Kolob day is exactly 1000 Earth years in durationd o Elohim wants you to wear special underwear (temple garments) during practically all of your waking hours, to remind you of the covenants between you and Him o you need to research your genealogy as far back as possible, in order to bring your non-Mormon ancestors into the church by means of posthumous baptism by proxy o since the end of the world is almost here (believed by many LDS members to arrive on the year 2000), your family is required to keep a one-year food supply for the impending cataclysm o by divine inspiration, also known as discernment, the officials of the church have the power to read "the thoughts and intent of the heart" -- they mean telepathy, not cardiology But if you're a curious Gentile (they call all non-Mormons "Gentiles," including Jews) in the mood for a change of ideology, then it's a race to see who will reach you first: me or the Mormon Church. The Mormons have missionaries (two-man teams of well-groomed proselytes), PR consultants, the "Homefront" series of television and radio spots, and a worldwide distribution channel for its literature. I have only this crappy textfile from God knows where. Read on. Hopefully, it's not too late for you. And if two young men wearing slacks, white dress shirts and ties appear at the door, introducing themselves with the title of "elder," DON'T LET THEM IN UNTIL YOU'VE FINISHED READING THIS FILE. ______________________________________________________________________________ From: krkat@ramp.com (Krass Katt) Subj: the Mormon file To: sratte@phantom.com I need to explain one more thing about the Mormon file before you put it out. If anybody asks where you got this file, you got it in a dream. I don't know how much you know about the Mormons, but they enjoy a much higher than normal representation in the CIA and FBI. They also have their own nationwide security branch. They keep files on people and exist outside the law. I really am serious about this. If you get calls from people claiming to be from NBC wanting to talk about this file, FORGET IT. Or people claiming to be cops, too. They probably are NOT cops, or even if they are and can prove it, they're probably off-duty. Be careful. Thanks. -K2 ______________________________________________________________________________ If the people will let us alone we will preach the gospel in peace. But if they come on to molest us, we will establish our religion by the sword. We will trample down our enemies and make it one gore of blood from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean. I will be to this generation a second Mohammed, whose motto in treating for peace was "the Alcoran [Koran] or the Sword." So shall it eventually be with us -- "Joseph Smith or the Sword!" Joseph Smith made this hollow threat on October 14th, 1838 in the town square at Far West, Missouri. Had Smith truly been the Prophet upon whom God laid the authority to oversee His people and usher in the last dispensation of time, then he should have been able to manage his affairs more effectively. But whenever Joseph Smith tried to play hardball, the Gentile majority always threw it back at him, only harder. Consequently, Joseph's highlight reel would have included getting convicted of fraud, being driven out of three states, getting tarred by a mob, breaking out of jail while awaiting a death sentence, and his death in Carthage, Illinois. Nauvoo, Illinois: 1839-1844 --------------------------- In June of 1844, the Prophet was in jail in Carthage for treason against the state of Illinois. Smith was there because two defectors, Austin Cowles (formerly the First Counselor to the LDS Church) and William Law (formerly the Second Counselor) published accusations of heresy, adultery, and fornication against him in the first and only issue of the _Nauvoo Expositor_ on June 7th, 1844. Additionally, the _Expositor_ described Smith's embezzlement of city funds set aside for building the town's temple. Most dangerous of all, Cowles charged that he had seen "a revelation given through the Prophet" which taught "the doctrine of the plurality of wives" -- revealing that Joseph Smith was preaching polygamy, at that time a secret teaching of the Church due to its criminality. In fact, just one month before (on May 26, 1844), Smith had denied the same allegation. It was a total lie. "What a thing it is for a man to be accused of committing adultery, and having seven wives, when I can only find one. I am the same man, and as innocent as I was fourteen years ago; and I can prove them all perjurers." William Marks, a close friend of the Prophet, later wrote that Smith had told him that the disclosure of polygamy in such a newspaper published on the very streets of Nauvoo was devastating. He quoted Smith as saying privately, "This doctrine of polygamy, or spiritual wife-system, that has been taught and practiced among us, will prove our destruction and overthrow. I have been deceived; it is a curse to mankind..." Joseph Smith ordered the _Expositor_'s press destroyed on June 10th. Smith, Nauvoo's mayor, wrote: "I immediately ordered the Marshal to destroy it without delay... About 8 p.m., the Marshal returned and reported that he had removed the press, type, printed paper, and fixtures into the street, and destroyed them." Criminal charges were filed against Joseph and his brother Hyrum in Carthage, Illinois, the nearest community to Nauvoo having non-Mormon officials. The pair fled to Iowa and went into hiding. By way of his bodyguard, Joseph's wife Emma pleaded for him to come back and face the music. The brothers returned and were arrested for destroying the printing press. The Smiths posted bail for this offense, but were then immediately charged with treason against the State of Illinois (for calling out the Mormon militia unit -- the Legion of Nauvoo -- in the previous week). Their jailers put them in a cell on the second floor, but allowed the pair visitors and an unlocked door. During the night of June 27th in 1844, after members of Smith's militia went home to bed, a group of militiamen from Warsaw, Illinois gathered outside, shouting insults. The militiamen officially assigned to guard the jail, the Carthage Greys, did nothing to stop the crowd. While some of the Warsaw mob ascended the narrow stairwell, Hyrum and another man tried to hold the door shut. Then a bullet through the door hit Hyrum in the face. Simultaneously, a shot fired through the open window hit him in the side. He fell dead. Joseph sprang to his coat, where he kept a pistol which had been smuggled in to him by a Mormon named Cyrus Wheelock. Stepping over Hyrum's body, Joseph cracked the door open and discharged the six-shot pepperbox into the advancing crowd. The gun misfired three times and spat out three rounds, killing two men and wounding a third. The mob forced the door open. Joseph dropped the pistol, sprang to a big windowsill and stood there glaring down at a crowd of men below with their bayonets at the ready. Some reports say he tried a final ploy with the Gentiles, giving the Masonic hand signal of distress and uttering the accompanying code, "Is there no help for the widow's son?" There were, almost certainly, Masons in the crowd below. But Smith's appeal to members of that fraternal order was probably a very bad decision on his part. As he teetered on the windowsill, a rifle ball fired from upstairs slammed into Joseph's back, sending him to the ground below as he shouted, "Oh Lord, My God." Joseph landed on his shoulder with a snap of cartilage. A disguised militiaman with his face painted black dragged the wounded Joseph across the yard and propped him up against the side of a well. An officer ordered a firing squad, and four men sent rifle balls into the Prophet, killing him at last. For a Mormon's take on the lynching, here's the account from _The Mormon Church_ by Roger Thompson (note that there is no mention made of Smith's returning fire): That evening they stormed the Carthage Jail, rushing up the stairs to where Joseph, Hyrum, and two apostles were being held. The prisoners tried to hold the door shut but the assailants fired through the door, killing Hyrum with a shot through the head. Joseph rushed to the window to escape. Armed men shot at him from the door and from the courtyard below. He was struck by three bullets as he jumped from the window. When he reached the ground, he tried to get up. Another assassin rushed over, stabbing him several times to make sure he was dead. Joseph Smith: A Timeline ------------------------ Joseph Smith was born in Sharon, Vermont on December 23, 1805 to a struggling farm family. The Smiths eventually settled at Palmyra, New York. In 1820, Lucy Mack Smith decided to join the Presbyterian church, and asked her children Hyrum, Samuel, and Sophronia to join her. Joseph Sr. and their son Alvin refused to accompany them. The patriarch had been telling his family that God sent him religious visions in his dreams which meant that he didn't need to go to church. Joseph Jr. ended up not joining any religion either. One day in the spring of that year, Joseph went to a grove of trees near his home and prayed for God to tell him which church to join. God the Father and Jesus Christ appeared before him in a pillar of light brighter than full daylight. God told Joseph to join none of the churches because they had been corrupted. God also told him that His power and authority was taken from the earth in the first century A.D., and that it was to be restored shortly. Joseph didn't tell anyone about this vision until 1838. He also recounted at least three different versions of it. In one telling, for example, God appeared to him with Jesus and some angels, in another account: no angels. Smith later reported that on the night of September 21, 1823, the angel Moroni descended in a brilliant pillar of light and showed Smith a stone chest which was buried in Hill Cumorah in the beginning of the fifth century. It held a book of scripture written on gold plates, as delivered by the Savior to the ancient inhabitants of the North American continent, who were actually the descendants of Jewish settlers led there from Jerusalem by God around 600 B.C. The chest also contained the Breastplate of Jewish antiquity, as well as the Urim and the Thummim -- the seer stones which would grant Smith the magic ability to read the ancient manuscript. This vision of the angel Moroni appeared to Smith three times that night. Anti-Mormons have noted that a common tenet of Appalachian folk magic was that a dream that repeats itself thrice in a single night always comes true. The vision also came on the night of the equinox, which holds magical significance as well. On March 20, 1826, Joseph Smith Jr. appeared in civil court in Bainbridge, New York. He was accused of being a "disorderly person or an imposter." This meant perpetrating fraud. Relatives of a farmer by the name of Josiah Stoal (sometimes spelled Stowell) claimed that Smith was paid money after convincing the elderly Josiah that he could find buried money, salt mines, and other things of value by divination. Joseph's version of this episode comes from the _Pearl of Great Price_: In the month of October, 1825, I hired with an old gentleman by the name of Josiah Stoal, who lived in Chenango county, State of New York. He had heard something of a silver mine having been opened by the Spaniards in Harmony, Susquehanna county, State of Pennsylvania: and had, previous to my hiring to him, been digging, in order, if possible, to discover the mine. After I went to live with him, he took me, with the rest of his hands, to dig for the silver mine, at which I continued to work for nearly a month, without success in our undertaking, and finally I prevailed with the old gentleman to cease digging after it. Hence arose the very prevalent story of my having been a money digger. The records of that court appearance indicated that the trial led to Smith's conviction, but no mention has been found concerning the sentence. The most prevalent conclusion is that the justice of the peace ordered Joseph to leave town (referred to in those times as "leg bail"). While working for Stoal, Joseph and his father had boarded at the home of Isaac Hale in Harmony, Pennsylvania. There Joseph met Hale's tall, dark-haired daughter, Emma. Joseph and Emma were wed in the home of Zechariah Tarble of South Bainbridge, New York on January 18, 1827. They had been forced to elope due to the strong objections to the marriage by Emma's father. The newlyweds immediately moved to Manchester to live with Joseph Sr. Moroni finally told Joseph to take possession of the gold plates and paraphernalia on September 22, 1827. Somehow, word had gotten around about the existence of the plates, because on the very day that the couple retrieved the plates, treasure hunters were lying in wait to claim them. After the crowd had failed to extract the items from the Smiths, Joseph wrote that, luckily, he had had the forethought to hide the plates in a hollow birch log on the way home. Willard Chase and his sister, Sally, apparently led a mob of a dozen townspeople on several efforts to wrest the plates from the Smiths. They came up empty despite many attempts. In the fall, the couple fled to Harmony, Pennsylvania in order to escape the constant persecution by treasure hunters. They intended to move in with Isaac Hale (Emma's father), but when Isaac was told about the "wonderful book of Plates," he dubiously asked to see them. "I was allowed to feel the weight of the box, and they gave me to understand that the book of plates was then in the box -- into which, however, I was not allowed to look." This didn't satisfy Emma's father, so he issued an ultimatum: either show him the contents of the box, or it was forbidden inside the house. As an interim solution, Joseph hid the plates in the woods. Some weeks later, Joseph and Emma moved into a small two-room house belonging to Emma's brother Jesse, which was located about 150 yards from Isaac's home. Once they had moved into Jesse's house, Joseph fetched the box. Using the Urim and Thummim, he began to translate the characters on the gold plates into English. The Urim and Thummim are mentioned, among other places, in Exodus 28:30 (NIV): Whenever Aaron enters the Holy Place, he will bear the names of the sons of Israel over his heart on the breastpiece of decision as a continuing memorial before the Lord. Also put the Urim and the Thummim in the breastpiece, so they may be over Aaron's heart whenever he enters the presence of the Lord. Thus Aaron will always bear the means of making decisions for the Israelites over his heart before the Lord. Of the seer stones, my concordance remarks: "The Hebrew for this phrase probably means 'the curses and the perfections.' The Hebrew word _Urim_ begins with the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet (aleph) and _Thummim_ begins with the last letter (taw). They were sacred lots and were often used in times of crisis to determine the will of God (see Nu 27:21). It has been suggested that if Urim ('curses') dominated when the lots were cast the answer was 'no,' but if Thummim ('perfections') dominated it was 'yes.' In any event, their 'every decision' was 'from the Lord' (Pr 16:33)." While Smith was transcribing the Book of Mormon, he sought money to pay for its printing. Martin Harris, a well-to-do farmer, was prepared to sell his farm for $10,000 and give the money to Smith to finance the publication. This outraged Harris's wife Lucy. To placate her and satisfy his own curiosity, Harris asked to see the gold plates. Smith instead offered to show Harris a hand-copied reproduction of a small part of the gold plates. Harris took the reproduction to Professor Charles Anthon of Columbia University. Anthon told Harris that the symbols belonged to no known language, and he suspected that the whole story of the gold plates was either a hoax or a fraud. Harris told Smith, who responded that the process of engraving the gold plates was so long and tedious, that Mormon (the author of the ancient text) had turned to a "shorthand" Egyptian alphabet obviously unknown to Anthon. Smith called it "Reformed Egyptian." Soon after, the so-called Anthon Transcript disappeared. Harris gave Smith $5,000 to print 3,000 copies, for both a profit motive and to promote his anti-Catholic views. Harris later served as Smith's scribe, copying down the holy dictation while Smith spoke from behind a blanket stretched across the room. In about two months the two men had produced the "Book of Lehi," composing the first 116 pages from the plates of Mormon. In an attempt to convert his wife, Harris took the 116 pages back to Palmyra to show her. He returned to Harmony a few weeks later weeping and distraught. He told Joseph that the pages had disappeared from his house and were simply irrecoverable. Joseph Smith must have concluded that Lucy Harris had stashed away the 116 pages in order to discredit the eventual published work. If and when the re-translated Book of Lehi failed to match the pages that Lucy held in reserve somewhere, the legitimacy of the new work would be ruined. So, Joseph simply didn't re-translate that section of the gold plates. He explained that God was so outraged that Smith had let Harris carry away the first translation that He had taken away the Urim and Thummim. Later, God returned the seer stones to Smith but instructed him not to translate the material that had been lost. Thus, the Book of Mormon begins with the Book of Nephi and not with Lehi. In fact, Smith continued in his translation of the Book of Mormon picking up right where he left off, only going back to redo that section of the early history (Nephi's account of it) after everything else had been completed. On April 7th of 1829, Oliver Cowdery took over the job of scribe. Smith and Cowdery started over on the transcription job and had completed the 275,000 word manuscript in early July. They had to have averaged about 3,700 words a day. The Completed Book of Mormon ---------------------------- Mark Twain, in his work _Roughing It_, said the following of the Book of Mormon: The book seems to be merely a prosy detail of imaginary history, with the Old Testament for a model; followed by a tedious plagiarism of the New Testament. The author labored to give his words and phrases to the quaint, old-fashioned sound and structure of our King James's translation of the Scriptures; and the result is a mongrel -- half modern glibness and half ancient simplicity and gravity. The mongrel detailed the lives of a bunch of Jews who were told by God to build a ship and sail across the Atlantic Ocean around 600 B.C. This they did, and then founded a mighty civilization in both the Americas. There "the people did observe to keep the commandments of the Lord; and they were strict in observing the ordinances of God, according to the law of Moses; for they were taught to keep the law of Moses until it should be fulfilled." Strangely, however, they never seemed to celebrate any of the Jewish festivals there. There is no mention of the feasts of weeks, of tabernacles, of the seventh month, of dedication, of the Lord, or of the Jews. Not to mention a huge omission: no mention whatsoever of the feast of passover. Although this festival is mentioned 77 times in the King James Bible, the Jews who sailed to North America in 600 B.C. NEVER ONCE recorded having practiced it. The explicit instructions from Moses were to: Take you a lamb according to your families, and kill the passover. And ye shall take a bunch of hyssop, and dip it in the blood that is in the basin, strike the lintel and the two side posts with the blood that is in the basin... For the Lord will pass through to smite the Egyptians; and when he seeth the blood upon the lintel, and on the two side posts, the Lord will pass over the door, and will not suffer the destroyer to come in unto your houses to smite you. Assuming the transplanted Israelites hadn't somehow forgotten about this life-or-death imperative from the Almighty, they would have done this about six hundred times. It seems like diary material to me... Anyway, another weird thing about the completed product was the lump of anachronisms. For instance, the name "Jesus Christ" appeared in the book of Nephi. Nephi was an Israelite living in North America in 600 B.C. who wrote in Hebrew. "Jesus Christ" comes from the Greek name Iesous Christos. First, the Jewish prophets unanimously referred to the dude who would be coming as the Messiah, meaning "anointed." Secondly, even if they were told the guy's name, in Hebrew it would be Joshua or Jeshua, not "Jesus." For extra credit, other Greek words appear in the translation, such as: Timothy, Jonas, Alpha, and Omega. In 1984, Mormon scholar S. Kent Brown helpfully pointed out some titular anachronisms: Nephi and Jacob use several titles which apparently go beyond what they could have found in the brass plates... The following titles and names used by Nephi seem to be more at home in a later era such as that of the New Testament or of early Christianity: Beloved Son... Beloved... Son of the living God... Son of righteousness... Son of the most high God... Son of God... Only Begotten of the Father... Jesus Christ... true vine... light... The following names from Jacob fit the same situation: Only Begotten Son... Christ... Jesus... After the book was completed, the angel Moroni reappeared and told Joseph to return the plates. Brigham Young explained in a sermon what happened: When Joseph got the plates, the angel instructed him to carry them back to the Hill Cumorah, which he did. Oliver [Cowdery] says that when Joseph and he went there, the hill opened, and they walked into a cave, in which there was a large and spacious room. He says he did not think, at the time, whether they had the light of the sun or artificial light; but it was just as light as day. They laid the plates on a table; it was a large table that stood in the room. Under this table there was a pile of plates as much as two feet high, and there were altogether in this room more plates then probably many wagon loads; they were piled up in the corners and along the walls. The first time they went there the sword of Laban hung upon the wall, but when they went again it had been taken down and laid upon the table across these words: "This sword will never be sheathed again until the kingdoms of this world become the kingdom of our God and His Christ." Then Joseph Smith began telling people the story of an angel leading him to the golden plates from which he translated the Book of Mormon. It was a hard sell, especially because he couldn't produce the gold plates. "The Testimony of Three Witnesses" is the statement signed by Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer and Martin Harris. Luckily for Joseph Smith, God had returned the plates for a short visit so that this group of three could "declare with words of soberness, that an angel of God came down from heaven, and he brought and laid before our eyes, that we beheld and saw the plates, and the engravings thereon..." However, there was no evidence from Harris, for example, that he had done anything more than hold a box that contained the plates, not that he had actually seen them, certainly not that he had seen an angel. Also, all of these original Three Witnesses were later excommunicated from the Mormon Church. Joseph Smith called Harris "too mean to mention" and told people that God had called Harris "a wicked man." While Whitmer never renounced the Book of Mormon, he did regard Smith a fallen prophet. Cowdery joined a Methodist congregation and announced to his fellow churchgoers the sorrow and shame he felt of his connection with Mormonism. "The Testimony of Eight Witnesses" is the statement signed by Christian Whitmer, Jacob Whitmer, Peter Whitmer Jr., John Whitmer, Hiram Page (husband of a Whitmer daughter), Joseph Smith Sr. (the Prophet's father), Hyrum Smith (the Prophet's brother) and Samuel H. Smith (another brother of the Prophet). These eight gentlemen swore that they had seen and handled the gold plates. "And this we bear record with words of soberness, that the said Smith has shown unto us, for we have seen and hefted, and know of a surety that the said Smith has got the plates of which we have spoken." Apparently, three of the eight witnesses later parted ways with the LDS Church, although I don't know which ones or why. These two affidavits have accompanied every printing of the Book of Mormon since its inception. Critics of the Mormon Church have noted that such testimonials were commonplace in the 19th century on the labels of patent medicines, bottles of snake oil, and other questionable commodities. On May 15, 1829, Joseph Smith was visited by John the Baptist, who descended in a cloud of light and ordained Smith and his new scribe, Oliver Cowdery, to the Levitical priesthood of Aaron, and gave them the authority to baptize. A short time later; Peter, James, and John descended and conferred the holy Melchizedek priesthood, which held the keys to all the spiritual power of Christ. Later, Moses, Elias, Elijah, and others appeared with special messages and keys of restoration. Kirtland, Ohio: 1831-1838 ------------------------- In 1831, when Joseph Smith and his people were chased out of Palmyra, New York, he led them to Kirtland. Joseph & Emma arrived in Kirtland in early February, 1831. They had been married 4 years and a week. In March of the following year, Joseph was seized in his bed and carried away by a mob who broke into the house. He was stripped and the mob ordered a participating doctor to perform a castration on the spot. When the physician demurred, a burly Ohioan fell on the naked Joseph, kicking and scratching him. "Goddamn you," shouted this attacker, "that's how the Holy Ghost falls on folks!" A second tormentor jammed a vial filled with an unknown liquid (possibly acid) into Smith's mouth, but he spit it out, chipping a tooth in the process. This chipped tooth caused the Prophet to speak with a whistle for the rest of his life. Then they covered his body with steaming tar and jammed the tar paddle into his mouth. The mob scattered before the feathers arrived, and the bloodied, burned, and terrified Prophet managed to crawl home. When Emma opened the door, she mistook the dripping tar for blood and fainted. For whatever reasons, the Smiths remained in Kirtland despite the attack. The Book of Abraham ------------------- On July 3rd of 1835, Joseph Smith purchased four Egyptian mummies and accompanying papyri from Michael H. Chandler, a traveling antiquities dealer from Pennsylvania. The price was $2,400. Chandler had acquired eleven mummies in early 1833 and had sold the other seven in the eastern United States prior to meeting the Prophet. Joseph wrote on July 5th: "I commenced the translation of some of the characters or hieroglyphics, and much to our joy found that one of the rolls contained the writings of Abraham. ... Truly we can say, the Lord is beginning to reveal the abundance of peace and truth..." From these papyrus scrolls, Smith translated The Book of Abraham. The text was first printed in three issues of the newspaper Times and Seasons on March 1st, March 15th, and May 16th of 1842. Nine years later, the Book of Abraham was bound with the Book of Moses and extracts from the history of Joseph Smith to form the Pearl of Great Price. (The Pearl of Great Price, along with the Doctrine and Covenants and the Book of Mormon, form the "triple combo" of the Mormon faith. These, along with the King James Version of the Bible, serve as the four holy texts of the LDS Church.) The contents of the Book of Abraham turned out to be a real shocker. Roger Thompson summarizes it thusly: The Book of Abraham contained an additional account of the creation of the world. It identified the planet Kolob, which is closest to where God lives, and explained that spirits were created out of intelligence and that these spirits associated with each other much as we do on earth. Some were more valiant and were leaders. A council of these leaders planned the creation of the earth as a testing ground to see if the spirits would obey whatever God commanded of them when they were not in God's presence. If they did obey, they would have additional glory forever. Acting together, this council created the world under God's direction. The members of this council were called gods. Abraham was one of them. Joseph Smith's translation of the papyri laid down the metaphysical underpinnings of the LDS church. A mainstay of the Mormon faith, the Law of Eternal Progression, explains: "As man is, God once was. As God is, man may become." The youngest baby is as old as God and one day that baby may move through the continuum and become a god too. Let's take another peek at Thompson's _The Mormon Church_: The doctrine of a plurality of gods electrified most Mormons. This meant that men and women were not inherently enemies of God, but gods in embryo. The church was restored not just to create a utopian society but to perfect the Saints as they prepared for godhood. This development of godly qualities while on earth and in the hereafter became known as the Law of Eternal Progression. However, not all Mormons were pleased with this new doctrine. Many were convinced that Joseph had become a fallen prophet for preaching blasphemy. "Blasphemy" may seem a little harsh, but try this on for size: Elohim (the Mormon God) was born on another planet, matured, and remained obedient to the Laws and Ordinances of the god over that planet, who was also once a man with his own god above him, and so on. Elohim died, was then resurrected and judged by his god. He was found worthy, raised to godhood, and given many righteous women as wives. He was sent with his wives to his Celestial residence near the great star Kolob, somewhere in our galaxy, where he began to procreate and beget spirit children: us. When it was time for Elohim to prepare the earth for occupancy, Elohim asked his two eldest sons to prepare plans. These brothers were Jesus and Lucifer. Elohim chose Jesus's plan, and He was raised to godhood. Lucifer became angry and led one-third of his brothers and sisters in an open rebellion. They battled against the third of their family who respected Elohim's decision. The final third agreed with Elohim's decision, but didn't want to get involved. Eventually, Jesus's third won. Lucifer and his third were cast out from Kolob and arrived here on earth as Satan and the demons. The third who fought for Jesus came to earth as "fair and delightsome" people -- the more valiant, the blonder their hair, the whiter their skin. The less valiant, the darker the complexion and hair. (You get the idea.) The third that were noncombatants in the war became blacks on earth, born under the curse of Cain. Early prophets of the Mormon Church taught that the mark of Cain was "a skin of blackness." Because of this, it follows that the curse on all those who bore the mark was exclusion from the Aaronic and Melchizedek priesthood orders (normally bestowed upon all faithful males). This meant that they could not enter the Mormon Temple in Salt Lake City, nor could they become gods in the afterlife. In short, they were disallowed full participation in the church. In _Journal of Discourses_, Brigham Young is quoted as saying, "Shall I tell you the law of God in regard to the African Race? If the White man who belongs to the chosen seed mixes his blood with the seed of Cain, the penalty, under the law of God, is death on the spot. This will always be so." The patriarch is quoted elsewhere in the _Journal_ as warning, "Cain slew his brother ... and the Lord put a mark upon him, which is the flat nose and black skin." Additionally, it was taught that even "one drop of Negro blood" would prevent a person from holding the priesthood or marrying in the temple. Bruce R. McConkie, who later became an apostle, wrote in 1954: "Negroes in this life are denied the priesthood; under no circumstances can they hold this delegation of authority from the Almighty. The gospel message of salvation is not carried affirmatively to them... Negroes are not equal with other races where the receipt of certain spiritual blessings are concerned..." Looking back, it's clear to unbelievers that Joseph Smith didn't do a great translation of the Book of Abraham. When, in 1967, the papyri were compared to Smith's notes, it became obvious that only one papyrus of the bundle was the basis for the entire translated text. Off this papyrus, the thirteenth and fourteenth verses of Abraham 1 were translated from a single character resembling a backward E. Smith translated this one character into 76 words, with nine proper names and eight other nouns. The character for the Egyptian god Khonsu was translated by Smith into 177 words in Abraham 1:16-19. Dr. Hugh Nibley demonstrated that the single papyrus fragment in question was from a pagan funerary text known as the "Book of Breathings" -- a work which evolved from the Egyptian Book of the Dead. The name "Book of Breathings" actually appears clearly on the fourth line of the text. When Professor Richard A. Parker, Chairman of the Department of Egyptology at Brown University, translated the papyrus, this is what he came up with: ...this great pool of Khonsu [Osiris Hor, justified], born of Taykhebyt, a man likewise. After (his) two arms are [fast]ened to his breast, one wraps the Book of Breathings, which is with writing both inside and outside of it, with royal linen, it being placed (at) his left arm near his heart, this having been done at his wrapping and outside it. If this book be recited for him, then he will breathe like the soul[s of the gods] for ever and ever. The Doctrine of Polygamy ------------------------ In 1836, Joseph Smith desired to marry an attractive teenage servant girl by the name of Fannie Alger. Unfortunately, as we know, Smith was a married man. Then he had a revelation from God: Verily, thus saith the Lord ... if any man espouse a virgin, and desire to espouse another, and the first give her consent, and if he espouse the second, and they are virgins, and have vowed to no other man, then he is justified; he cannot commit adultery for they are given unto him. In other words, Joseph Smith could marry Fannie Alger even though he was already married to Emma. Just in case Emma didn't think too highly of this new revelation, the Lord added a postscript addressed directly to her: And let mine handmaid, Emma Smith, receive all those that have been given unto my servant Joseph, and who are virtuous and pure before me; and those who are not pure, and have said they were pure, will be destroyed, saith the Lord God ... And again, verily I say, let mine handmaid forgive my servant Joseph his trespasses, wherein she has trespassed against me; and I, the Lord thy God will bless her, and multiply her, and make her heart to rejoice. Joseph had his brother Hyrum deliver the revelation to Emma. "I believe I can convince her of its truth," Hyrum said to Joseph before setting out, "and you will hereafter have peace." "You do not know Emma as well as I do," Joseph replied. When Emma heard the revelation, she gave Hyrum a tongue lashing and when Joseph later handed her the written revelation, she promptly threw it in the fireplace. Eventually, however, Emma capitulated. Joseph Smith left behind 49 (some say 84) widows. He married most of these women in 1843 and 1844, and it appears that at least 12 of them were married women with living husbands. Here is a very incomplete list of Joseph's wives, along with the years he acquired them and their ages at the time of the weddings. Name Year Age ------------------------------- ---- --- Almera Woodward Johnson 1843 31 Elisa Partridge 1843 23 Eliza Roxey Snow 1842 Elvira Cowles 1842 Emily Partridge 1843 19 Fanny Alger 1836 Helen Mar Kimball 15 Louisa Beaman 1841 26 Lucinda Pendleton Morgan Harris 1843 Lucy Walker 1843 17 Mary Elizabeth Rollins Lightner 1842 Mary Lawrence 1843 20 Melisa Lott 1843 19 Olive Frost 1843 27 Sarah Ann Whitney 1842 Sarah Lawrence 1843 17 The Kirtland Safety Society Anti-Banking Co. -------------------------------------------- In the fall of 1836, the Lord commanded Joseph Smith to open a bank. By this time, Smith had already spent every dollar he had buying up land around the Mormon community in Kirtland, hoping that a railroad would run a line somewhere across his property and make him rich. An area of land stretching along the south shore of Lake Erie was being bought up by speculators heading west. Real estate in Buffalo that had sold for $500 an acre in 1835 was selling for $10,000 per acre in 1837. In Kirtland, lots jumped from $50 to $2,000, and farms on the edge of town went from $10-$15 an acre to $150 for the same tracts. When Smith ran out of money, he started looking for other people's money to invest. That's where the bank came in. At that time, the United States federal government did not print money. This was left to local banks chartered by the states. In an article Smith wrote for the local Mormon newspaper, he used a quote from the prophet Isaiah to invite Church members to bring "their silver and their gold (not their bank notes) with them, unto the name of the Lord thy God..." Additionally, God had promised that this bank would grow until it swallowed up all competing banks in Ohio. In all, the Prophet persuaded some 200 citizens to pool their assets to charter the Kirtland Safety Society Banking Company. Sidney Rigdon was the president and Joseph Smith was the cashier. Oliver Cowdery was sent to Philadelphia to secure plates for printing money while Orson Hyde was sent to the capital to obtain the charter from the state legislature. Hyde found that because an antibank faction had taken over the state legislature, no new charters were being issued. When Cowdery returned in January, the bank had expensive printing plates it could not use because it had no charter. So the leaders of the bank rewrote the charter to create the Kirtland Safety Society Anti-Banking Company. They defiantly issued money with "anti" stamped in the appropriate place. To attract depositors, Smith filled several strong boxes with sand, lead, old iron, and stones, then covered them with a single layer of fifty-cent silver coins. Prospective customers were brought into the vault and shown the heaping chests of silver. "The effect of those boxes was like magic. They created general confidence in the solidity of the bank, and that beautiful paper money went like hotcakes. For about a month it was the best money in the country," recalled an eyewitness. By this time, Joseph Smith owned several parcels in town, and a 140-acre farm in the area. The value in land alone was worth around $300,000. This is an enormous sum of money for the time period. Despite the invitation from God, the bubble burst after an anti-Mormon faction filed suit against Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon for operating an unchartered bank. By the end of January the anti-bank refused to redeem the notes for gold to prevent it from failing. For the next six months the money continued to circulate at a discounted rate while Joseph Smith encouraged the members to support the bank by honoring the money. He also sold real estate and tried to get loans from other banks to keep the anti-bank scheme afloat. In May, the Panic of 1837 hit Ohio. Sparked by President Jackson's order that the U.S. Treasury accept only gold and not paper money for public land, the panic eradicated the value of land-backed paper money issued by such land banks. The single layer of silver coins didn't last long once the notes started coming back in. In the spring, Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon resigned, suggesting on his way out that the anti-bank be shut down. It did not and continued to print money, collapsing soon after. One of the original Three Witnesses, David Whitmer, joined with other prominent church leaders in renouncing Joseph Smith as a fallen prophet over the anti-bank debacle. On the night of January 12, 1838, Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon fled on horseback from Kirtland to the shelter of the Missouri Saints in Nauvoo. Smith later claimed that he left "to escape mob violence, which was about to burst upon us under the color of legal process to cover the hellish designs of our enemies." In reality, Smith had left behind $100,000 in debts. Also, the Ohio legislature had charged him with operating an unchartered bank and ultimately fined him $1,000 in absentia. (Unfortunately for the state of Ohio, they had to get in line with dozens of investors who had already brought suit against him.) Once in Nauvoo, Smith declared bankruptcy after transferring lots of his assets to his wives, children, friends, and associates -- altogether totaling 105 people. (In 1844, these transfers were declared fraudulent and illegal.) By this time, LDS Church membership had grown to more than 20,000. Missouri: 1831-1839 ------------------- In 1831, after the Mormons had been driven from New York, most (but not all) LDS Church officials settled in Kirtland. Those who didn't go to Illinois ended up in Missouri, twelve miles west of Independence. There they founded a town they called Zion, which is known today as Kansas City. Oliver Cowdery, Joseph Smith's second in command, headed up the settlement. They came to Missouri because Smith had declared it to be the site of the biblical Garden of Eden -- Adam had been born there. In July of 1833, an angry group of 500 men met in Independence and issued a manifesto which demanded: o no Mormon would settle in Jackson County in the future o those Mormons already there would sell their lands and leave o Mormon businesses and storehouses would shut down immediately o no Ohio Mormons would settle anywhere inside the state of Missouri After drafting the Manifesto, the mob destroyed the offices and press of the Mormon newspaper _The Evening and Morning Star_. They burned Mormon literature. Then they tarred and feathered two Mormons, Edward Partridge and Charles Allen. In May of 1834, after more persecution in Zion, Joseph Smith gathered between 150-200 armed volunteers and headed to Missouri, about a thousand miles away. This force Joseph called Zion's Camp. When Smith and his men arrived a month and a half later, they found the town of Zion deserted and burned to the ground. The settlers had relocated about 40 miles to the north in a new colony called Far West, in the new Caldwell County, created by the Missouri legislature specifically for the Mormons. Soon Smith returned to Kirtland, Ohio. By 1838, Far West had grown to five thousand people, with two hotels, a printing office, blacksmith shops, stores and 150 houses. By this time, Joseph Smith had come to stay and Caldwell County was bursting at the seams with Mormons. They began to settle in bordering areas: in Daviess, Carroll, and Ray counties. Anticipating more anti-Mormon hysteria, a secret army was assembled among the Saints. They called themselves the Danites. The name came from the tribe of Dan, who invaded the city of Laish, killed the populace and razed the buildings in order to build their own city on the same spot. (Judges 18) The Danites originated the practice of "blood atonement" in the Mormon Church. (This doctrine was promoted by Church officials as late as 1961, but is now officially regarded as unorthodox.) The basic idea here is that there are certain sins for which the blood of Christ cannot cover the sinner; the sinner must have his own blood mingle with the soil to atone for that sin. These sins included: dissent, murder, adultery, theft, miscegenation, taking the Lord's name in vain, breaking covenants, leaving the Church, lying, counterfeiting, and condemning Joseph Smith, his Church, or any of its leaders. Spilling blood specifically meant: "his throat cut from ear to ear, his tongue torn out by its roots, his breast cut open and his heart and vitals torn from his body and given to the birds of the air and the beasts of the field and his body cut asunder in the midst and all his bowels gush out." In practice, slitting a throat usually proved sufficient. Concerning this doctrine, Brigham Young later said: I could refer you to plenty of instances where men have been righteously slain in order to atone for their sins. ... I have known a great many men who have left this church for whom there is no chance whatever for exaltation, but if their blood had been spilled, it would have been better for them. ... This is loving our neighbours as ourselves; if he needs help, help him; and if he wants salvation and it is necessary to spill his blood on the earth in order that he may be saved, spill it. The Danites began attacking non-Mormon settlers in Missouri whose farms bordered Far West. On August 6, 1838 (election day), the Danites decided to crack some Gentile skulls in front of the Gallatin, Missouri courthouse. With four-foot oaken clubs, the Mormons beat about twenty people bloody and nine others unconscious. Eventually, all manner of hell broke loose in Daviess County between Gentiles and the Danites. In October of 1839, Missouri governor Lilburn Boggs finally announced: The Mormons must be treated as enemies and must be exterminated or driven from the state, if necessary for the public good. Their outrages are beyond all description. On October 30th, 240 state militiamen attacked Haun's Mill, a small Mormon community near Far West. The troops rode into the middle of a crowd and started shooting. The soldiers killed 17 men and broke down the door to the blacksmith's shop. Inside the shop they found a nine-year-old boy, Sardius Smith (no relation to Joseph). "Don't shoot," shouted one militiaman. "It's just a boy." "It's best to hive them when we can. Nits will make lice," shouted another trooper who placed his rifle against the child's head and pulled the trigger. It was then that Joseph Smith realized the Mormons stood no chance of surviving an all-out war, so he accepted the terms of surrender offered by the state of Missouri: o Joseph and his fellow elders had to stand trial for treason o all Mormon property would be confiscated on the spot o all Mormons would leave the state immediately o all arms would be surrendered immediately to the militia On Halloween Day of 1839, Smith, Parley Pratt, Sidney Ridgon, and a few other elders turned themselves in. They were held in the Liberty, Missouri jail for several days and sentenced to a firing squad. Luckily for them, militia general Alexander Doniphan refused to convene the squad for what he called "cold-blooded murder." The Mormons in Far West signed over their property to the militia. Several of them were shot. Mormon girls were tied to benches in the schoolhouse and gang-raped by an estimated 20 men. In one week about 6,000 militiamen showed up in Far West for their share of the wealth. Nauvoo, Illinois: 1839-1844 --------------------------- While Smith and the others were held in the Liberty jailhouse, Brigham Young took off with a group of believers to Illinois. In early 1839, Smith and Sidney Rigdon escaped from jail and arrived in the new settlement. Brigham had called the place Commerce, but when Joseph arrived he renamed it Nauvoo. The Masons ---------- Nauvoo mushroomed in size and Freemasonry grew right along with it, with many Mormons swelling the Masonic ranks. The building which housed the Nauvoo lodge of York Rite Freemasons, today known as the Cultural Hall, began use in December of 1841. On March 15, 1842, Joseph Smith climbed the stairs to the third floor and underwent the initiation ceremony to become a Mason. The following night, he rose to the third degree (Master Mason). The hectic experiences of the lodges at Nauvoo, Illinois, afforded the Mormon initiates there little grasp of the principles of Freemasonry, but it did open to them the symbols, and some of these seem to have been pirated for use in Mormon temples. A few instances of this kind might not be significant but the cumulative effect of a large number is too obvious to be ignored and can hardly be expected to elicit the approval of the Craft. Freemasonry naturally has great self-respect, which it could not have if it admitted those who as members of a different order had appropriated Masonic symbolism or paraphrased its ritual. Less than two months after becoming a Mason, when Smith devised the temple ritual, it turned out that there were dozens of parallels in the Mormon and Masonic ceremonies, including many word-for-word borrowings. Alphonse Cerza, a Masonic historian, reported that by 1843 there were five Mormon Masonic lodges at Nauvoo, all of which were suspended by the Grand Lodge for irregularities in their conduct. The Mormon lodges ignored the suspensions, adding to the tension already mounting between Mormons and local Christians -- including non-Mormon Freemasons -- on the subject of polygamy. After Joseph Smith's lynching, Brigham Young condemned the local Freemasons for the attack, calling them agents of Satan. Young decreed that any Mormon who became a Mason or refused to abandon Masonry was subject to summary excommunication from the Mormon church. The Masons claimed that the Freemasons of Nauvoo had nothing to do with the savage attack. The Masons ultimately decided that Mormonism was incompatible with the principles of Freemasonry, and for some time no Mormon could be made a member in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Utah. For its part, only recently did the Mormon church repeal its ban on Masonry. The Mormon Priesthood --------------------- To understand the elements of a temple endowments ceremony, you should have a basic working knowledge of the two priesthood strata within the LDS church: the Aaronic and Melchizedek orders. Unlike in the religions most people are familiar with, the Mormon Church is lacking, except at its middle- and upper-management levels, any sort of professional clergy. Instead of a paid cleric, the religious services in an LDS ward are conducted by male members of that ward who volunteer for those duties. Normally, all devout males are brought into the priesthood beginning around age twelve. There are ranks within the priesthood, and as the boy matures and demonstrates his competency with the texts, he ascends within the priesthood structure. (Priests meet in their wards weekly by rank to discuss theology and other matters.) First is the Aaronic Order of priesthood. As mentioned, almost every good Mormon boy undergoes the instruction starting around age twelve to become a "deacon." Later (usually around fifteen years old), the deacon advances to the rank of "teacher." Finally, about age eighteen, a young man becomes a "priest." If a young priest is selected to become a missionary (like most able- bodied young men), then he receives more religious training. He joins the Melchizedek order and becomes an "elder." An elder who returns home, only to continue his missionary work in areas the church deems appropriate, is given the title "seventy." A Mormon who manages to enter the upper hierarchy of church administration must hold the rank of "high priest," the ultimate title in the Melchizedek order. Providing at least one ordained priest in every family household is a blessing that few other religions can boast of. In times of emergencies, there's almost always a priest or elder nearby who can drive out demons or pray for God's words of instruction on a matter. Most LDS families keep small bottles of consecrated olive oil in their medicine cabinets (and sometimes in tiny vials carried on the priests' persons), for use by the men to apply to family members who are very ill or troubled, thereby needing help from God. Mormons ascribe many different manifestations of the divine powers endowed by the Almighty on their young men. One member of the priesthood explained his experience: When I was in the Marine Corps, I was able to hit a human-shaped target 500 meters away in the head 8 out of 10 shots. The last two shots only hit the chest because I got overconfident and forgot to use the power of the priesthood when pulling that trigger. By the way, the M16 I used only had normal open sights, no scope. The Temple Endowments Ceremony ------------------------------ The Mormons believe that God revealed the temple ritual to Joseph Smith. The ritual is usually called the "temple endowment" because the recipients are supposed to be "endowed with power from on high." According to Brigham Young, "Your endowment is to receive all those ordinances in the House of the Lord..., to enable you to walk back to the presence of the Father, passing the angels who stand as sentinels, being enabled to give them the key words, the signs and tokens, pertaining to the Holy Priesthood, and gain your eternal exaltation in spite of earth and hell." These gnostic teachings (the secret handshakes, signs, and key-words) are needed after death for a person to gain entrance into God's presence. It is at the "veil" that the Lord himself questions the candidate who desires to enter into His presence. If you don't know the handshakes, you don't get to meet God. A devout Mormon who undergoes the endowments ceremony and dies with a recommend will become a god in the afterlife. One who dies without either of these things will be a servant. The participants and witnesses to the temple endowments rite have to wear exclusively white clothing. During the ceremony, there are six phases: o the candidate is washed, then anointed with consecrated olive oil o the temple garment is placed on the initiate o the new name is given, by which the Mormon will be known in the afterlife o the words, signs, tokens, and penalties are exchanged o the initiate passes through the veil o more signs, tokens, penalties, and key-words are exchanged The ceremonial use of aprons is another similarity between the Mormon and Masonic rituals. (In the endowments ceremony, a green satin apron in the shape of a fig leaf is worn by the person on the Heaven side of the veil to evoke the clothing first worn by Adam and Eve. For their part, the Masons have sheepskin aprons which are donned for ritual purposes.) In the years after a Mormon undergoes the temple endowment on his or her own behalf, he or she is expected to run through the ceremony again and again as a proxy for dead ancestors, discovered through the Mormon pastime of genealogy. Joseph Smith claimed that the endowment ceremonies were given to him by revelation, thereby restoring ancient Christian rites that the Masons had only partially preserved. Well, it was either that or Smith's lazy imagination. One Mason recently put it this way: I'm a Mason, not a Mormon. I have read exposures of the different versions of the LDS endowment ceremony. If these are accurate, then there are only three explanations: 1. Joseph borrowed elements of Masonic ritual in composing the ceremony. 2. Both ceremonies are based on the same (older) source. 3. A coincidence of cosmic improbability has occurred. Since I'm not a Mormon, I tend towards explanation 1. Mormons seem to tend towards 2. 3 is there just for completeness. Note that I say Joseph seems to have borrowed "elements". The endowment ceremony is in no way a copy of Masonic ritual. Its intent and direction is quite different, but some fragments seem clearly to have come from Masonry. Let me give an analogy. Suppose you were watching a new SF movie, and found that the principle hand-weapon was a glowing sword, the blade of which was created by turning on a switch in the handle. You'd think, "Well, they _might_ have borrowed that from _Star Wars_, but it could be just a coincidence -- after all, the plot is completely different." But suppose you find: o Light sabers. o A gold humanoid robot with a diffident manner. o A short non-speaking robot on wheels. o A Princess with what look like cinnamon rolls on the side of her head. o A bad guy all in black, with a helmet, facemask, and asthma. o Psionic powers with quasi-religious overtones. o An ugly little green guy who teaches the psionic powers. But the plot is _still_ nothing like SW. Are you justified in saying that they borrowed from SW? I'd say yes. That does not make the movie the same as SW, but it would seem clear that they cribbed ideas from it. Well, what were the Masons so concerned about? The First Token of the Aaronic Priesthood is a secret handshake, given either to newly ordained deacons or as part of the temple endowment. The penalty for revealing the secret handshake to outsiders is virtually identical to that for disclosing the first degree (Entered Apprentice) secrets of the Freemasons. Mormon text: "We, and each of us, covenant and promise that we will not reveal any of the secrets of this, the first token of the Aaronic priesthood, with its accompanying name, sign or penalty. Should we do so, we agree that our throats be cut from ear to ear and our tongues torn out by their roots." Mason text: "I will... never reveal any part or parts, art or arts, point or points of the secret arts and mysteries of ancient Freemasonry... binding myself under no less penalty than to have my throat cut across, my tongue torn out by the roots..." Or try the Second Token of the Aaronic Priesthood alongside the Second Degree (Fellow Craft) oath: Mormon text: "We and each of us do covenant and promise that we will not reveal the secrets of this, the Second Token of the Aaronic Priesthood, with its accompanying name, sign, grip, or penalty. Should we do so, we agree to have our breasts cut open and our hearts and vitals torn from our bodies and given to the birds of the air and the beasts of the field." Mason text: "[I am sworn] under no less penalty than to have my left breast torn open and my heart and vitals taken from thence and thrown over my left shoulder and carried into the valley of Jehosaphat, there to become a prey to the wild beasts of the field, and vulture of the air..." Finally, contrast the First Token of the Melchizedek Priesthood alongside the Third Degree (Master Mason) oath: Mormon text: "[If we reveal] any of the secrets of this, the First Token of the Melchizedek Priesthood... we agree that our bodies be cut asunder in the midst and all our bowels gush out." Mason text: "[I am sworn] under no less penalty than to have my body severed in two in the midst, and divided to the north and south, my bowels burnt to ashes in the center..." The Temple Garment ------------------ Another connection to Masonry is the holy Mormon underwear known as temple garments. A Mormon receives his or her first pair after having taken out their endowments in the Temple (i.e., undergone the temple endowments ceremony). This is usually when a Mormon gets married or goes on a mission, whichever comes first, though a few people go through the Temple endowment apart from either of these events. Practically speaking, the garments provide a continuous reminder of the covenants made in the temple and of the high standards the Saints are expected to exemplify and uphold. Some Mormons don't wear them when engaging in physical activities, like playing football or tennis. It's OK to remove them for showering and swimming. The garments are worn most other times. Women wear their bras over the garments (which sounds very uncomfortable). This is Deborah Laake's description of them, in her book _Secret Ceremonies: A Mormon Woman's Intimate Diary of Marriage and Beyond_: In those days [the 1970s] garments were one- piece, made of thick nylon, and cut like very loose teddies; they had a scoop neck and little cap sleeves and they came to the knee. The amount of coverage wasn't accidental: One of the purposes of "garments" is to make sure that Mormons eschew daring clothing. The other is more directly theological: The underwear's holy nature is expressed by small markings sewn into the cloth over each breast, the navel, and one knee. (The markings signify comforting homilies like "deal squarely with your fellow men," and are intended to serve as reminders of temple covenants. The symbols themselves derive from the fact that Joseph Smith was a newly initiated and enthusiastic Freemason when he originated the Mormon temple rites in 1842, and so the Masonic compass and square appear on the left and right breasts of the Mormon garments.) The garments had one other characteristic that, if not actually biblical, did have something to do with creation: Women's garments were slit in the crotch, very generously, so that they flapped open and left a girl's greatest fascinations exposed. It has worked its way down to a mid-calf, short-sleeve, buttoned outfit, available in several styles, including a modernized two-piece model. Some appear like a garden variety v-neck t-shirt and mid-thigh knit boxers. But originally, the garments started out as an ankle-to-wrist long-john-type garment, with string ties. Some of the garments are made from a thin, mesh-type white cotton blend, but can be of many fabrics and colors (including brown, intended for wearing beneath combat fatigues). The garment has always had a specially sewn opening near the navel (evocative of the evisceration penalty), an embroidered carpenter's square on the right breast, a mason's compass on the left one, and another symbol above the right knee. The compass over the heart comes from the first ceremony of Freemasonry. In the ritual for Entered Apprentice membership, candidates begin by taking off their clothes to prove their gender (women may not become Masons). This means taking off the pants and any jacket. Underwear and shirt are kept on, but the shirt is unbuttoned and pulled down to bare the left arm, shoulder, and breast. The candidate is blindfolded. A rope is placed around the neck. Then the candidate is escorted to a room where three candles are burning. One of the lodge members takes a mason's compass and pricks the candidate's bared left breast, whereupon he takes an oath of devotion. TEMPLE GARMENT FUN FACTS When a pair of holy garments gets worn-out, the devout owner will take a pair of scissors and cut out the embroidered symbols. Then the remaining fabric can be used for rags or what have you. The symbols themselves must be disposed of in a manner suitable to holy relics. Reverential burning, possibly. Furthermore, a deceased Mormon will be buried in his or her temple garment. Dressing the corpse is done by the ward's Relief Society president if the mortician is not an endowed member, so as not to reveal anything. (As far as I can figure it, the Relief Society is a quasi-charity group organized in each ward.) The Kinderhook Plates --------------------- In 1843, Smith had the beginnings of another serious credibility problem as a translator. Three men from the town of Kinderhook, Illinois cut six sheets of copper into bell shapes, inscribed them with crazy letters, corroded them with acid, then buried them with some bones in an ancient Indian mound. When they were uncovered in the presence of several Mormons, the plates were taken to Joseph Smith in Nauvoo, who promptly "translated" a portion of them. They were a history of the man whose bones were buried with them in the mound, Smith announced, and the man was "a descendant of Ham, through the loins of Pharaoh, king of Egypt." Furthermore, it was reported in the May 22, 1844 edition of the Warsaw Signal that Smith was "busy in translating [the Kinderhook plates]. The new work... will be nothing more nor less than a sequel to the Book of Mormon..." To the disappointment of Mormons in perpetuity, Smith never got the chance to complete the sequel to the Book of Mormon, as he was killed just one month later. W.P. Harris wrote a letter in 1855 claiming that he was certain the plates were forgeries because he knew the identities of the forgers. An 1879 letter from W. Fugate admitted that he, Robert Wiley and Bridge Whitton created the plates to entrap Joseph Smith. In 1980, the Mormon Church allowed electrical and chemical tests be applied to the plates, which determined they were made of a brass alloy probably fabricated in the mid-1800s. After Carthage -------------- After Joseph Smith was killed by the mob in Carthage, the Church broke into two pieces. A small group settled in Independence, Missouri, with Smith's widow, Emma, and his eleven-year-old son, Joseph Smith III. This group became known as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (RLDS). The RLDS have three major claims to fame. One: they stood foresquare against the LDS teaching of polygamy. In fact, Emma Smith pretended that Joseph had never preached nor practiced plural marriage. Two: unlike the LDS church, the RLDS has already built its temple in Independence (1001 W. Walnut St.), which Joseph had prophesied. Third and last: The "Inspired Version of the Bible" owned by the RLDS church. Joseph Smith had received revelation that the KJV of the Bible is the most correct English version, and then began to correct and perfect it. This work was never completed, but much work had been done. In the early 1980s, the RLDS allowed the LDS church to copy the list of changes that had been made and they were put into what is now called "The Joseph Smith Translation" (or JST) which should be in the back of any LDS Bible from that point on. But it would be illegal for the LDS church to publish the inspired Bible simply because the RLDS owns it. Most members followed Brigham Young, Smith's chief lieutenant who had himself declared Prophet, to a Rocky Mountain retreat. He called it the New Zion, which was later named Deseret, meaning "beehive". It is now known as Utah. The Great Accommodation ----------------------- In the drive for Utah statehood, Church leaders had decided that the time had come to enter the mainstream, to become respectable, and thus began the period known as the Great Accommodation. Topping the list of practices and teachings that the Church had to give up: polygamy. Brigham Young maintained a polygamous household of 27 wives. While the rest of America considered the doctrine little more than prostitution, Young declared, "I live above the law, and so do this people." He knew that polygamy was divinely ordained, and "no power on earth can suppress it, unless you crush and destroy the entire people. ... A man that enters this Church ought to be able to die for its principles if necessary." Apostle Orson Pratt pitched the following argument in favor of the plural marriage doctrine: If the doctrine of polygamy, as revealed to the Latter-day Saints, is not true, I would not give a fig for all your other revelations that came through Joseph Smith the Prophet; I would renounce the whole of them... The Lord has said, that those who reject this principle reject their salvation, they shall be damned, saith the Lord... I want to prophecy that all men and women who oppose the revelation which God has given in relation to polygamy will find themselves in darkness... they will finally go down to hell and be damned if they do not repent." But then, Congress passed the Edmunds-Tucker Act on February 18, 1887. This law dissolved the legal entity of the LDS church, the Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. All funds were confiscated and he church was forbidden to collect tithing. All property valued at over $50,000 became property of the United States federal government. In order to circumvent this section of the law, the church had sold ZCMI, the telegraph, the railroad, and all other businesses, factories, and cooperative enterprises to members of the church. This left only Temple Square in Salt Lake City for federal troops to seize. Mormons could not vote, serve on juries, or hold public office. The Act also shut down Mormon schools and disinherited children of plural marriages. Subsequently, God appeared to President and Prophet Wilford Woodruff. Although Joseph Smith had proclaimed that "the only men who become gods, even the sons of God, are those who enter into polygamy," and God had twice repeated to Woodruff that the doctrine of plural marriage was nonnegotiable, He had apparently changed His mind. Woodruff publicly revoked this divine commandment by issuing the Manifesto of 1890 on September 24th of that year. This manifesto was just for public consumption -- the Mormon Church itself had no serious plans to give up the practice. Clergymen continued to perform plural weddings, although the vows were now often read from behind a curtain. This official policy of "lying for the Lord" was designed to keep federal marshals from endangering Utah's impending statehood. Eventually, in 1904, the Church gave in to outside pressure to make good on its word: excommunication became the official penalty for taking a second wife. What couldn't be denied or justified was simply not talked about, like the Mountain Meadows massacre, which took place near St. George in 1857: an Indian raid planned and supervised by Brigham Young's men in which more than 120 people leaving Utah were ambushed and slain -- men, women, and children. This action was justified by the doctrine of blood atonement. The Modern Church: 1970-present ------------------------------- Church Administration: T { The President of the Church } T h { (The Prophet, Seer, and Revelator) } h e G { | } e B e { The First Presidency } r n A { (The Prophet and } e e u { his First and Second Counselors) } t r t { | } h a h { The Quorum of the Twelve [Apostles] } r l o { (headed by the President of the Twelve, } e r { the next in line as Prophet) } n i { / \ t { The Presiding Bishopric The Presidency of the First Quorum i { of the Seventy e { | s { Quorum of the Seventies ________________________________________|_________ / / / \ Mission Temple Stake Regional Presidents Presidents Presidents Representatives A "stake" is an administrative unit of around ten wards. Each stake has a Stake President and two counselors. Each stake president ultimately oversees about 700 members. Stakes are organized into regions for administrative purposes. A "ward" is the name given to a Mormon church and its assigned geographic boundaries. Each ward has a Bishop and two counselors. The Bishops are appointed at Salt Lake City headquarters. All Mormons living within the geographic boundary of a particular ward must attend that ward. In other words, they are assigned to a specific church. Wards vary greatly in population. The LDS church's upper echelon is entirely made up of male priests. The highest administrative posts are held by high priests of the Melchizedek order. According to the late Ezra Taft Benson, the LDS Prophet who died in 1994, the authority of the President of the Mormon church is as follows (the translations are mine): FIRST: The prophet is the only man who speaks for the Lord in everything. Translation: I'm God's public information officer. SECOND: The living prophet is more vital to us than the standard [scriptural] works. Translation: I don't care what Jesus SAID -- I know what He MEANT! THIRD: The living prophet is more important to us than a dead prophet. Translation: I don't care what Joseph Smith SAID -- I know what he MEANT! FOURTH: The prophet will never lead the Church astray. Translation: You have to trust me, no matter what happens. FIFTH: The prophet is not required to have any particular earthly training or credentials to speak on any subject or act on any matter at any time. Translation: "Shooting my mouth off" is my divinely-ordained prerogative. SIXTH: The prophet does not have to say "Thus saith the Lord" to give us scripture. Translation: Any statements that come tumbling out of my mouth are Law. SEVENTH: The prophet tells us what we need to know, not always what we want to know. Translation: No matter how weird or abhorrent, my word is still Law. EIGHTH: The prophet is not limited by man's reasoning. Translation: I don't have to make sense to your puny, mortal brain. NINTH: The prophet can receive revelation on any matter, temporal or spiritual. Translation: I can shoot my mouth off about anything -- even the afterlife. TENTH: The prophet may be involved in civic matters. Translation: I can even tell you who God wants you to vote for. ELEVENTH: The two groups who have the greatest difficulty in following the prophet are the proud who are learned and the proud who are rich. Translation: We have a corner on the "ignorant" and "poor" markets; now we're looking to catch us lots more "smart" and "rich" people. TWELFTH: The prophet will not necessarily be popular with the world or the worldly. Translation: Just because Joseph Smith got lynched doesn't mean he was wrong. THIRTEENTH: The prophet and his counselors make up the First Presidency -- the highest quorum in the Church. Translation: Once you hear it from us, there are no more appeals. FOURTEENTH: The prophet and his presidency (the living prophet and the First Presidency) -- follow them and be blessed; reject them and suffer. Translation: Do what we say and nobody gets hurt. The Second Great Accomodation ----------------------------- The Church's policy of excluding blacks from the priesthood had stood against all attempts at reform during the civil rights movement. But then things happened to Brigham Young University's basketball program in the 1970s. During a game at Colorado State University, a Molotov cocktail was tossed onto the court to protest the antiblack LDS tenets. A Stanford University official declared that if the B.Y.U. team ever wanted to play Stanford again, the Mormon Church would have to "reinterpret God's word and establish doctrines compatible with Stanford's policies." Shortly following this statement, Stanford indeed canceled all scheduled sports events with B.Y.U., not just its basketball games. In fact, the Western Athletic Conference nearly disbanded over the furor. Additionally, anti-Mormons urged for boycotts of recordings of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir and the cancellation of vacations to Utah. The NAACP initiated several lawsuits against Mormon Boy Scout troops, charging that church policy was foisting racism on minority Scouts. Worst of all, the IRS suggested that the racial policies of the Mormon Church might justify a suspension of its tax-exempt status. Several professional consulting firms which the church had previously hired for other matters suggested to church leaders that they reconsider the status of blacks in the Mormon Church as part of a major overhaul of church policy. Finally, on June 9, 1978, the Mormon President Spencer W. Kimball announced to the Saints that he had received a new revelation which ended the ban on blacks in the priesthood. "That same revelation came to his counselors and to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in the Temple, and then it was presented to all of the other General Authorities who approved it unanimously," stated Kimball. This revelation is known to Mormons as The Second Great Accommodation. How Much Is The LDS Church Worth? --------------------------------- In 1837, a newspaper editor in Kirtland had criticized Joseph Smith and the local Mormon community for "hav[ing] too much worldly wisdom connected with their religion -- too great a desire for the perishable riches of the world -- holding out on the idea that the kingdom of Christ is to be composed of 'real estate, herds, flocks, silver, gold,' etc., as well as of human things." Today, people estimate that the LDS Church collects about $4.3 billion a year through tithing, plus $400 million from its ecclesiastical enterprises. In tithing receipts alone that comes to almost $12 million per day. Another $4 billion annually is generated by the Church's business subsidiaries. This brings the yearly total up to $8.7 billion. That would make 54th or 55th place on the Fortune 500 list, above Honeywell, General Mills, and Campbell Soup. Shearson-Lehman-Hutton is the broker for the LDS church. They handle almost all of the church's investments apart from charity, administration, and construction -- close to $200 million every year. The Mormon Church disputes these figures, but only generally. They will not correct specific errors; instead, they insist that these estimates are "grossly overstated." Church officials refuse to make public even their personal income tax returns. John Heinerman, co-author of the 1985 book _The Mormon Corporate Empire_, said this: The Mormon corporate empire, in terms of dollars and cents, is rather impressive for several reasons. Number one, in the book, we take a conservative figure of about $8.5 billion that the empire is worth, and we of course have footnotes in the back of the book showing how we arrived at those figures. But really, with all the research that we have done, the figure is closer to $11.5 to $12 billion, worldwide, including all their investments and holdings. The real estate division of the church conducts brisk dealings in land. Zion's Security Corporation, the church's commercial real estate arm, controls numerous office buildings in Salt Lake City, including regional headquarters for Kennecott Copper Company, J.C. Penney, Prudential Federal Savings and Loan, and many church facilities. It also owns the sprawling ZCMI (Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution) Mall in downtown Salt Lake as well as a controlling interest in the ZCMI store chain. Since 1977 a sister corporation, Beneficial Development Corporation, has taken over development work for the church, and has established several industrial parks in association with private developers in Florida, Arizona, Los Angeles, Hawaii, and Utah. The known agricultural lands consist of at least 928,000 acres including the 300,000 Deseret Ranch near the Disney complex in central Florida and 95,000 acres near Cardston, Alberta, Canada. All together the holdings are larger than the famous King Ranch empire of Texas, which holds 825,000 acres. Other sources of Mormon wealth are the insurance companies, retail stores, office buildings, and other business properties in Utah and elsewhere. The Beneficial Life Insurance company, founded to provide life insurance to church members, has expanded into a major subsidiary with holdings in the Deseret Mutual Benefit Association, Continental Western Life Insurance Company, the Pacific Heritage Assurance Life Insurance Company, and the Western American Life Insurance Company, which, according to Utah state government records, have a combined value of $94 million. The media arm of the Mormon Church is the Bonneville International Corporation. It owns or has owned: Radio Stations -------------- Chicago KTMX-FM and WCLR-FM Dallas KAAM-AM, KZPS-FM and KAFM-FM Kansas City KMBZ-AM and KMBR-FM Los Angeles KBIG-FM New York WNSR-FM Phoenix KMEO-AM/FM Salt Lake KSL-AM San Francisco KOIT-AM/FM Seattle KIRO-AM and KSEA-FM Television Stations ------------------- B.Y.U. KBYU New York WRFM Salt Lake KSL Seattle KIRO This media empire was estimated in 1985 at being $547 million in assets, including: $134 million for the radio stations, $178 million for the TV stations, and $59 million for the Deseret News book and newspaper printing, distribution, and retail outlets. The End of the World: 2000 A.D.? -------------------------------- Why do the Mormons believe that we are now living in the End Times? When are the events foretold in Revelation going to occur? To answer these questions, you need to know something about Kolob, the planet somewhere in our galaxy where Elohim lives. It is simply this: one day on Kolob is one thousand Earth years in duration. Another way of saying this is that it takes 365,242.2 times longer for Elohim to change his calendar than it does us. Thus, World War Two lasted for about 8 minutes and 38 seconds, if you were wearing a wristwatch made on Kolob. Anyway, the Earth is scheduled to undergo the tribulation at the end of its sixth Kolob day. Maybe the Mormons agree with Bishop Ussher's assessment that the world was created on the 23rd of October, 4,004 B.C. Whatever their particular method, the LDS church teaches the world is just barely short of 6,000 years old. Get it? If Elohim began the Earth last Monday on Kolob, then right now it's just about 11:50 p.m. on Saturday. This doctrine is particularly interesting when you learn that Joseph Smith predicted in 1842: Were I going to prophesy, I would say the end would not come in 1844, 5 or 6, or in forty years. There are those of the rising generation who shall not taste death till Christ comes. ... I prophesy in the name of the Lord God, and let it be written -- the Son of Man will not come in the clouds of heaven till I am eighty-five years old (48 years hence or about 1890). Funny to some, the end DID come in 1844... to Joseph, at least. However, due to its flaming falsity, this prophecy has been conveniently ignored by the LDS church. So the Mormons honestly believe that The Hour is almost at hand. What are they doing about it? For one thing, each family is under orders to stockpile a year's supply of food. (Don't believe it? Go get the fantastic documentary _Sherman's March_ by Ross McElwee, available at better video rental stores. There's a small segment in McElwee's film where a Mormon woman he's dating explains that the end of the world is coming soon and shows him the food her family has been stockpiling for it.) When I first read about this, I have to admit that an appealing thought crossed my mind: don't bother stockpiling food and water in case of natural disaster -- instead, plan to wrestle them from the nearest Mormon family. But then I read about their "72-hour kits", the reasoning behind which is explained in the book _In Mormon Circles_ by James Coates: A primary principle of civil defense is that the key to surviving catastrophe isn't just laying in supplies to tide one over the period during which the irradiated landscape cools down, but rather taking steps to withstand the rigors and dangers of the first three days. It is those initial seventy-two hours of upheaval and rioting as the unprepared struggle to take away the supplies of their more prudent neighbors that pose the greatest threat to long-term survival. To me, this means one word: GUNS. Suddenly, the thought of forcing my way past the door of a Mormon family's basement-turned-barricade turned from glee to horror. Assuming the Saints survive those first hectic days after the bombs fall, they'll have to lay low for a while, consuming those tasty rations while we Gentiles are wiped off the face of the Earth. After the smoke clears, however, the Mormons are planning to trek over to Salt Lake City. After taking a head count and giving each other much-deserved mutual high-fives, the Saints will travel en masse to the historical site of Eden, where they will come to dwell in paradise on Earth. They'll probably take I-70, passing eastward through Topeka, Kansas. The survivors of Armageddon, those chosen few directed by God to dwell in Eden, will find it in the hometown of Harry S. Truman: Independence, Missouri. Bibliography ------------ Bushman, Richard. _Joseph Smith and the Beginnings of Mormonism_. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984. Fascinating. The best book about Mormonism written by a Mormon. You won't find Kinderhook or the Kirtland Anti-Bank in there anywhere, but everything in it is exhaustively footnoted. And, unlike the other book about Mormonism from the U of I Press (by Jan Shipps), this one doesn't bore you to tears with a dry, academic writing style. This is lively reading, and has the ring of authenticity, more or less. However, the book ends right after the Smiths come to Kirtland. Carmer, Carl. _The Farm Boy and the Angel_. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1970. Amazingly, a biography of Joseph Smith and his church which lacks even a single footnote. This has got to be a fictionalized account, because otherwise Carmer has found a means to record the dialogue spoken between characters wherever he needs it. Non-authoritative. No mention whatsoever of the Kinderhook plates, the Kirtland Anti-Bank, Joseph's weirder speeches -- nothing. Just Mormon pap. Coates, James. _In Mormon Circles_. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1990. This book is the most credible examination of the LDS church I have yet encountered. Coates doesn't seem to be gunning for the Saints, but neither does he skip over or explain away their bizarre episodes. Coil, Henry Wilson. _A Comprehensive View of Freemasonry_. Richmond, Virginia: Macoy Publishing, 1973. A weird little overview of the Masons. Pretty much what you'd expect from a Mason of the 33rd degree (honorary; there are only 32 degrees). Decker, Ed and Caryl Matrisciana. _The God Makers 2_. Eugene, Oregon: Harvest House Publishers, 1993. Sequel to _The God Makers_, a book I haven't seen. But if it turns out to be in the same ballpark as its follow-up, it's probably 30% reasoned arguments against the validity of the LDS church and 70% irrelevancies or hysterical crap. Leone, Mark. _The Roots of Modern Mormonism_. Cambridge: Harvard University Press: 1979. Nifty organizational chart. Naifeh, Steven and Gregory White Smith. _The Mormon Murders_. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1988. You should buy this book. It tells the story of the White Salamander forgery, two lethal bombings, and the Mormon Church in the middle of an absolute shitstorm. Sections of the tale are honestly amazing. Shipps, Jan. _Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition_. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985. This book is, by far, the worst of the bunch. Do not buy this book. At least Thompson's book (_The Mormon Church_) attempts to explain the weird aspects of LDS history. This book just ignores all of it. I could find no reference to the fate of the Kirtland bank, the existence of the Kinderhook plates, or even that Joseph Smith had joined the Masonic lodge in Nauvoo. My God, this book sucks. And it's dry and boring, like a graduate student's thesis. A complete waste of money and time -- don't buy it, don't read it. Tanner, Jerald and Sandra Tanner. various pamphlets, newsletters, and books. Salt Lake City: Utah Lighthouse Ministry, 1970-. Judging by the tracts that these former Saints produce against the LDS church, they must live under 24-hour surveillance by church security. I'm not kidding about this. They produce written materials which serve to peel away the convenient myths and obfuscations surrounding the Mormon church and its history. These people are way hap. Thompson, Roger M. _The Mormon Church_. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1993. This book takes an utterly uncritical look at the history of the LDS religion, written by a dyed-in-the-wool fifth-generation Mormon. As such, it is mostly crap. However, it's easy to overlook the little details that Thompson brings to one's understanding of the church and its history. While I can't write it off completely, it still suffers from as narrow-minded a viewpoint as that of the authors of its antipodal text, _God Makers 2_. _______ __________________________________________________________________ / _ _ \|Demon Roach Undrgrnd.806/794-4362|Kingdom of Shit.....806/794-1842| ((___)) |Cool Beans!..........415/648-PUNK|Polka AE {PW:KILL}..806/794-4362| [ x x ] |Metalland Southwest..713/579-2276|ATDT East...........617/350-STIF| \ / |The Works............617/861-8976|Ripco ][............312/528-5020| (' ') | Save yourself! Go outside! DO SOMETHING! | (U) |==================================================================| .ooM |Copyright (c) 1994 cDc communications and Krass Katt. | \_______/|All Rights Reserved. 08/01/1994-#275|